Associate Professor Melissa Crouch
BA/LLB (Hons), University of Melbourne
PhD, University of Melbourne
Melissa Crouch is Associate Professor and Associate Dean Research at the Law School, UNSW. She established and runs the Southeast Asia Law & Policy Forum at UNSW Law. She teaches and researches on law and religion, law and governance, and comparative constitutional law, with a specialisation on Southeast Asia. She has been awarded numerous grants and awards, including the Endeavour Australia Research Fellowship; University of Indonesia Visiting Fellowship; and the University of Melbourne Kathleen Fitzpatrick Visiting Fellowship. Melissa is Chief Investigator on an ARC Discovery Grant on "Constitutional Change in Authoritarian Regimes" (2018-2021). This study builds on two of her previous major research projects on constitutionalism: her doctoral research on constitutionalism, courts and religion in Indonesia, and her postdoctoral research on constitutionalism and the courts in Myanmar and Southeast Asia more broadly.
Melissa is the author of The Constitution of Myanmar (2019) (shortlisted for the Australian Legal Research Awards inaugural book award; see podcast by the New Books Network here) and Law and Religion in Indonesia: Conflict and the Courts in West Java (2014). She has published in a range of peer-reviewed journals including the Law & Society Review, International Journal of Constitutional Law and the Oxford Journal of Legal Studies. She is the editor of several volumes including: Women and the Judiciary in the Asia-Pacific (forthcoming CUP 2021); The Politics of Courts: Judicial Reform and Legal Culture in Indonesia (CUP 2019); 'Islam and the State in Myanmar: Muslim-Buddhist Relations and the Politics of Belonging' (OUP 2016), and The Business of Transition: Law, Development and Economics in Myanmar (CUP 2017). Melissa has worked with local and international organisations with a focus on constitutional and administrative law reforms and legal education in Southeast Asia. She is the Myanmar Academic Lead for the UNSW Institute for Global Development. She is the Deputy Director of the Comparative Constitutional Law Project and member of the Australia-Myanmar Constitutional Democracy Project. More on her research on the law and politics of constitutions, courts and religion in Southeast Asia and the Global South more broadly is available here. A list of Melissa's publications and CV is available here, or some publications are accessible on SSRN, Academia or here.
Melissa is the Secretary of the Asian Studies Association of Australia (ASAA), the peak academic body for Asian studies in Australia. She is an advisor on the Indonesian Law Practicum of the Australian Consortium for In-Country Indonesian Studies (ACICIS); an Associate of the Centre for Indonesian Law, Islam and Society, University of Melbourne; and a member of the Editorial Board of the Asian Journal of Comparative Law. Melissa is a career champion for the Australia Indonesia Youth Association, and you can find more about her expertise on Indonesian Law here.
Supervision
I am interested in considering proposals for research supervision in the following areas: law and society; comparative constitutional law; law and development; law and religion. This includes Indonesian law (public law, criminal law, legal pluralism and Islamic law); Myanmar law (public law, legal pluralism and socio-legal studies); Southeast Asian law and legal traditions; and socio-legal studies on the Global South more broadly. I am available to supervise LLB, LLM, JD and PhD research thesis.
Existing PhD supervision:
Luke Potter, 'Decentralised Government and Disaster Displacement Reduction in Small Island States in the Pacific'
Ashraf Azad, 'Irregular Migration of Rohingya Refugees from Myanmar to Bangladesh and Malaysia'
Emma Dunlop, 'Justice in Exile: A study of state obligations to ensure refugees access to courts under international law'
Chuhunvoleak Srun, 'Access to Justice in Cambodian Commercial Land Disputes'
Ayesha Wijayalath, 'Constraining Abusive Constitutional Change in Sri Lanka' (Scientia Fellow)
Sai Myint Aung, 'The Limits of Law and Development: The Case of Banking Reform in Myanmar'
M Abu Sayeed, 'Constitutionalism of the Other: Non-Sovereign Politics in Gandhi and Agamben'
Nikki Edwards, 'Civil Society and Legal Activism in Southeast Asia' (external, USyd)
Supervision completions (PhD)
Mahaarum Kusuma Pertiwi, 'Religion and the Indonesian Constitutional Court'
Indriaswati Dyah Saptaningrum, ‘Internet Regulation in Indonesia 1990-2018: An Inquiry into a Contested Regulatory Field'
Xu Zhuangsi, ‘The Implications of International Human Rights Law on China’s Protection of Minority Language Rights’
Milda Istiqomah, 'Factors Contributing to Terrorism Sentencing Outcomes in Indonesia'
Supervision completions (LLM, JD, LLB)
LLM Research thesis: Yance Arizona, 'Becoming Indigenous Citizens in Indonesia'
JD research thesis: Sai Myint Aung, 'Law and Economic Development in Myanmar: A Case Study of the Central Bank'
LLB research thesis: Jarrod Mitchell, 'Community Stability and Adat Law in Indonesia'; Goran Matic, 'Toward a Modern Egyptian Constitution'; Elsa Lo, 'A Constitutionally Islamic Malaysia'
- EMAIL Melissa
- Phone: 9385 0737
- Office 247, Level 2, Law Building F08
- FOLLOW
Crouch M, 2019, The Constitution of Myanmar: A Contextual Analysis, Hart Publishing/ Bloomsbury, https://www.bloomsburyprofessional.com/uk/the-constitution-of-myanmar-9781509927371/
Crouch M, 2013, Law and Religion in Indonesia: Conflict and the Courts in West Java, Routledge, http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315889924
Crouch M, (ed.), 2021, Women and the Judiciary in the Asia-Pacific, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Crouch M, (ed.), 2019, The Politics of Court Reform: Judicial Change and Legal Culture in Indonesia, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/politics-of-court-reform/986FFA2061FF7759B08FD0C699939811
Crouch M, (ed.), 2017, The Business of Transition: Law Reform, Development and Economics in Myanmar, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108236737
Crouch M, (ed.), 2016, Islam and the State in Myanmar: Muslim-Buddhist Relations and the Politics of Belonging., Oxford University Press, New Delhi, India, https://global.oup.com/academic/product/islam-and-the-state-in-myanmar-9780199461202?cc=au&lang=en&
Crouch M; Lindsey T, (ed.), 2014, Law, Society and Transition in Myanmar, Hart Publishing/Bloomsbury, UK, http://www.bloomsbury.com/au/law-society-and-transition-in-myanmar-9781849465977/
Crouch M, 2020, 'Court Reform After Authoritarian Rule: Specialised Courts and Corruption in Indonesia', Constitutional Review, vol. 6
Crouch M, 2020, 'Pre-emptive Constitution-Making: Authoritarian Constitutionalism and the Military in Myanmar', Law & Society Review, vol. 54, pp. 487 - 515, http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/lasr.12471
Crouch M, 2020, 'Peace processes and constitution-making: An Introduction', International Journal of Constitutional Law, vol. 18
Crouch M, 2020, 'Constitutional Touchstones: Peace Processes, Federalism and Constitution-making in Myanmar', International Journal of Constitutional Law, vol. 18
Crouch M, 2019, 'Constitutionalism After Authoritarian Rule', Hague Journal on the Rule of Law, vol. 11, pp. 349 - 353, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40803-019-00119-w
Crouch M, 2019, 'States of Legal Denial: How the State in Myanmar uses Law to Exclude the Rohingya', Journal of Contemporary Asia, pp. 1 - 24, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00472336.2019.1691250
Crouch M, 2018, 'The Prerogative Writs as Constitutional Transfer', Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, vol. 38, pp. 653 - 675, http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ojls/gqy023
Crouch M, 2018, 'Dictators, Democrats, and Constitutional Dialogue: Myanmar's Constitutional Tribunal', International Journal of Constitutional Law, vol. 16, pp. 421 - 446, http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icon/moy056
Crouch M, 2018, 'Constitutionalism, Religion and Inequality: Perspectives from Asia', Asian Journal of Comparative Law, vol. 13, pp. 233 - 243, http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/asjcl.2018.6
Crouch M, 2017, 'The Expansion of Emergency Powers: Social Conflict and the Military in Indonesia', Asian Studies Review, vol. 41, pp. 1 - 17, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10357823.2017.1332005
Crouch M, 2017, 'Myanmar's Advocate for Constitutional Reform: Saya U Ko Ni', Australian Journal of Asian Law, vol. 17, pp. 1 - 12, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2939411
Crouch M, 2016, 'Promiscuity, Polygamy and the Power of Revenge: The Past and Future of Burmese Buddhist Law in Myanmar', Asian Journal of Law and Society, vol. 3, pp. 85 - 104, http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/als.2016.5
Butt S; Crouch M; Dixon R, 2016, 'The First Decade of Indonesia’s Constitutional Court', Australian Journal of Asian Law, vol. 16, pp. 1 - 7, http://ssrn.com/abstract=2745100
Crouch M, 2016, 'Constitutionalism, Islam and the Practice of Religious Deference: The Case of the Indonesian Constitutional Court', Australian Journal of Asian Law, vol. 16, pp. 1 - 15, http://ssrn.com/abstract=2744394
Crouch M, 2015, 'Constructing Religion by Law in Myanmar', The Review of Faith & International Affairs, vol. 13, pp. 1 - 11, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2015.1104961
Chua LJ; Crouch M, 2014, 'Socio-legal Scholarship on Southeast Asia: Themes and Directions', Asian Journal of Comparative Law, vol. 9, pp. 1 - 4, http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2194607800000909
Crouch M, 2014, 'Rediscovering Law in Myanmar: A Review of Scholarship on the Legal System of Myanmar', Pacific Rim Law & Policy Journal, vol. 23, pp. 543 - 577
Chua LJ; Crouch M, 2014, 'Socio-legal Scholarship on Southeast Asia: Themes and Directions', Asian Journal of Comparative Law, vol. 9, pp. 1 - 4, http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/asjcl-2014-0083
Crouch M, 2013, 'Asian Legal Transplants and Rule of Law Reform: National Human Rights Commission in Myanmar and Indonesia', Hague Journal on the Rule of Law, vol. 5, pp. 146 - 177, http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1876404512001108
Lindsey T; Crouch M, 2013, 'Cause Lawyers in Indonesia: a House Divided', Wisconsin International Law Journal, vol. 31, pp. 620 - 620, http://hosted.law.wisc.edu/wordpress/wilj/files/2015/01/Lindsey-Crouch_final.pdf
Crouch M, 2013, 'Review Essay: Legal Pluralism in Indonesia', Australian Journal of Asian Law, vol. 14, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2295886
Crouch M, 2013, 'The Constitution, Emergency Powers and the Rule of Law in Myanmar', Panorama, vol. 1, pp. 45 - 56
Crouch M, 2013, 'Shifting Conceptions of State Regulation of Religion: the Indonesian Draft Law on Inter-religious Harmony', Global Change, Peace & Security, vol. 25, pp. 265 - 282, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14781158.2013.764859
Missbach A; Crouch M, 2013, 'The Criminalisation of People Smuggling: The Dynamics of Judicial Discretion in Indonesia', Australian Journal of Asian Law, vol. 14, pp. 1 - 19, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2369118
Crouch M, 2012, 'Judicial Review and Religious Freedom: The Case of Indonesian Ahmadis', Sydney Law Review, vol. 34, pp. 545 - 572, http://ssrn.com/abstract=2157389
Crouch M, 2012, 'The Indonesian Blasphemy Case: Affirming the Legality of the Blasphemy Law', Oxford Journal of Law and Religion, vol. 1, pp. 1 - 4, http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ojlr/rws025
Crouch M, 2012, 'Law and Religion in Indonesia: The Constitutional Court and the Blasphemy Law', Asian Journal of Comparative Law, vol. 7, pp. 1 - 46, http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/1932-0205.1391
Crouch M, 2012, 'Criminal (In)justice in Indonesia: The Cikeusik trials', Alternative Law Journal, vol. 37, pp. 54 - 56
Crouch M, 2012, 'Asia Pacific: Criminal (in)justice in Indonesia: The Cikeusik trials', Alternative Law Journal, vol. 37, pp. 54 - 56, http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1037969X1203700115
Crouch MA, 2011, 'Law and Religion in Indonesia: The Constitutional Court and the Blasphemy Law', Asian Journal of Comparative Law, vol. 7, pp. 1 - 46, http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2194607800000582
Crouch M, 2011, 'Asia-Pacific:Ahmadiyah in Indonesia: A history of religious tolerance under threat?', Alternative Law Journal, vol. 36, pp. 56 - 57, http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1037969X1103600115
Crouch M, 2011, 'Ahmadiyah in Indonesia: a history of religious tolerance under threat?', Alternative Law Journal, vol. 36, pp. 56 - 57, http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1037969X1103600115
Crouch M, 2011, 'Religious’ Deviancy’and the Law', Inside Indonesia, http://www.insideindonesia.org/religious-deviancy-and-law
Crouch M, 2011, 'Cause Lawyers, the Legal Profession and the Courts in Indonesia: The Bar Association Controversy', LAWASIA Journal, pp. 63 - 86, https://www.academia.edu/1993919/Cause_Lawyers_the_Legal_Profession_and_the_Courts_in_Indonesia_The_Bar_Association_Controversy
Crouch M, 2010, 'Implementing the regulation on places of worship in Indonesia: New problems, local politics and court action', Asian Studies Review, vol. 34, pp. 403 - 419, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10357823.2010.527921
Crouch M, 2009, 'Religious Regulations in Indonesia: Failing Vulnerable Groups?', Review of Indonesian and Malaysian Affairs, vol. 43, pp. 53 - 103, http://ssrn.com/abstract=1601065
Crouch M, 2009, 'Qanun of Aceh Number 3 Year 2008 on Local Political Parties (translation)', Australian Journal of Asian Law, vol. 11, pp. 142 - 142
Crouch M, 2009, 'Stretching the scope of special autonomy in Aceh: the controversial Qanun requirement for political candidates', Australian Journal of Asian Law, vol. 11, pp. 135 - 158
Crouch MA, 2007, 'The Yogyakarta Local Ombudsman: Promoting Good Governance through Local Support', Asian Journal of Comparative Law, vol. 2, pp. 1 - 30, http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2194607800000119
Crouch M, 2007, 'The Yogyakarta local ombudsman: Promoting good governance through local support', Asian Journal of Comparative Law, vol. 2, pp. 219 - 246, http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1932-0205.1050
Crouch M, 2007, 'Regulating Places of Worship in Indonesia: Upholding Freedom of Religion for Religious Minorities?', Singapore Journal of Legal Studies, pp. 96 - 116
Crouch M, 2006, 'The Proselytisation Case: Law, the Rise of Islamic Conservatism and Religious Discrimination in West Java', Australian Journal of Asian Law, vol. 8, pp. 322 - 337
Crouch M, 2021, 'Women and the Judiciary in Indonesia', in Crouch M (ed.), Women and the Judiciary in the Asia-Pacific, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Crouch M; Naidu N, 2021, 'The Feminisation of the Judiciary in the Global South', in Crouch M (ed.), Women and the Judiciary in the Asia-Pacific, Cambridge University Press
Crouch M, 2020, 'The Constitution of Myanmar', in Law D (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Constitutions in Asia, Oxford University Press
Crouch M, 2020, 'Vehicle for Democratic Transition or Authoritarian Straightjacket? Constitutional Regression and Risks in the Struggle to Change Myanmar’s Constitution', in Ginsburg T; Huq A (ed.), From Parchment to Practise: Implementing New Constitutions, Cambridge University Press, https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/from-parchment-to-practice/EAF532B56838E5E47BDA3C0271452FD6#fndtn-information
Crouch M, 2020, 'Myanmar: Law as a Desirable and Dangerous Profession', in Abel R; Hammerslev O; Schultz U (ed.), Lawyers in 21st Century Societies, Hart Publishing, pp. 775 - 787, https://www.bloomsburyprofessional.com/uk/lawyers-in-21st-century-societies-9781509915156/
Crouch M, 2019, 'The Judicial Reform Landscape in Indonesia: Innovation, Specialisation and the Legacy of Dan S Lev', in Crouch M (ed.), The Politics of Court Reform: Judicial Change and Legal Culture in Indonesia, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 1 - 28, http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108636131.001
Crouch M, 2019, 'Constitution-making and public participation in Southeast Asia', in Landau D; Lerner H (ed.), Constitution-making, Edward Elgar, UK, https://www.e-elgar.com/shop/comparative-constitution-making
Crouch M, 2017, 'Judiciary', in Simpson A; Farrelly N; Holliday I (ed.), Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Myanmar, Routledge, pp. 248 - 256, https://www.routledge.com/Routledge-Handbook-of-Contemporary-Myanmar/Simpson-Farrelly-Holliday/p/book/9781138820777
Crouch M, 2017, 'Understanding the Business of Transition in Myanmar', in Crouch M (ed.), The Business of Transition: Law Reform, Development and Economics in Myanmar, Cambridge University Press, pp. 1 - 31, http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108236737.002
Crouch M, 2017, 'Negotiating Legal Pluralism in Court: Fatwa and the Crime of Blasphemy in Indonesia', in Bell G (ed.), Pluralism, Transnationalism and Culture in Asian Law: A Book in Honour of M.B. Hooker, ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute (Institute for Southeast Asian Studies), Singapore, pp. 231 - 256, https://bookshop.iseas.edu.sg/publication/2247
Crouch M, 2017, 'The Everyday Emergency: Between the Constitution and the Code of Criminal Procedure in Myanmar', in Harding A (ed.), Constitutional Change and Legal Reform in Myanmar, Hart Publishing/Bloomsbury, UK, pp. 157 - 172, http://www.bloomsbury.com/au/constitutionalism-and-legal-change-in-myanmar-9781509902118/
Crouch M, 2017, 'Judicial Power in Myanmar and the Challenge of Judicial Independence', in Lee HP (ed.), Asia-Pacific Judiciaries: Independence, Impartiality and Integrity, Cambridge University Press, pp. 264 - 283, http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781316480946.014
Crouch M, 2016, 'Introduction: Islam and the State in Myanmar', in Crouch M (ed.), Islam and the State in Myanmar : Muslim-Buddhist Relations and the Politics of Belonging, Oxford University Press, India, pp. 1 - 8, https://global.oup.com/academic/product/islam-and-the-state-in-myanmar-9780199461202?cc=au&lang=en&
Crouch M; Ginsburg T, 2016, 'Between endurance and change in South-East Asia: the military and constitutional reform in Myanmar and Thailand', in Annual Review of Constitution Building Processes: 2015, International Institute of Democracy and Electoral Assistance, Sweden, pp. 67 - 82, http://www.idea.int/publications/catalogue/annual-review-constitution-building-processes-2015
Crouch M, 2016, 'Legislating reform? Law and conflict in Myanmar', in Cheesman N; Farrelly N (ed.), Conflict in Myanmar: War, Politics, Religion, ISEAS, Singapore, pp. 221 - 245, https://bookshop.iseas.edu.sg/publication/2168
Crouch M, 2016, 'Negotiating Legal Pluralism in Court: Fatwa and the Crime of Blasphemy in Indonesia', in Festschrift in Honour of MB Hooker, ISEAS, pp. 231 - 256
Crouch M, 2016, 'Personal Law and Colonial Legacy: State-Religion Relations and the Practise of Islamic Law in Myanmar', in Crouch M (ed.), Islam and the State in Myanmar: Muslim-Buddhist Relations and the Politics of Belonging, Oxford University Press, India, pp. 69 - 97, https://global.oup.com/academic/product/islam-and-the-state-in-myanmar-9780199461202?cc=au&lang=en&
Crouch M, 2016, 'Myanmar’s Muslim Mosaic and the Politics of Belonging', in Crouch M (ed.), Islam and the State in Myanmar: Muslim-Buddhist Relations and the Politics of Belonging, Oxford University Press, India, pp. 9 - 38, https://global.oup.com/academic/product/islam-and-the-state-in-myanmar-9780199461202?cc=au&lang=en&
Crouch M, 2016, 'Islamic Law and Society in Southeast Asia', in Emon A; Ahmed R (ed.), The Oxford Handbook on Islamic Law, Oxford University Press, Oxford, http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199679010.013.44
Crouch M, 2015, 'Ethnic Rights and Constitutional Change: The Constitutional Recognition of Ethnic Nationalities in Myanmar/Burma', in Harding A (ed.), Central-local Relations in Asian Constitutional Systems, Hart Publishing/Bloomsbury, pp. 105 - 124, http://www.bloomsbury.com/au/central-local-relations-in-asian-constitutional-systems-9781849466400/
Crouch M, 2014, 'Proselytization, Religious Diversity and the State in Indonesia: The Offense of Deceiving a Child to Change Religion', in Proselytizing and the Limits of Religious Pluralism in Contemporary Asia, Springer Singapore, pp. 17 - 40, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-4451-18-5_2
Crouch M; Cheesman N, 2014, 'A Short Research Guide to Myanmar’s Legal System', in Law, Society and Transition in Myanmar, Hart/Bloomsbury Publishing, pp. 21 - 32
Crouch M, 2014, 'Proselytization, Religious Diversity and the State in Indonesia: The Offense of Deceiving a Child to Change Religion', in Proselytizing and the Limits of Religious Pluralism in Contemporary Asia, Springer Singapore, pp. 17 - 40
Crouch M, 2014, 'The Common Law and the Constitutional Writs in Myanmar', in Crouch M (ed.), Law, Society and Transition in Myanmar. Oxford: Hart Publishing, Hart/Bloomsbury Publishing, pp. 141 - 158, http://www.bloomsbury.com/au/law-society-and-transition-in-myanmar-9781849465977/
Crouch M, 2014, 'The Layers of Legal Development in Myanmar', in Crouch M (ed.), Law, Society and Transition in Myanmar, Hart/Bloomsbury Publishing, pp. 39 - 58, http://www.bloomsbury.com/au/law-society-and-transition-in-myanmar-9781849465977/
Crouch M; Lindsey T, 2014, 'Introduction: Myanmar, Law Reform and Asian Legal Studies', in Law, Society and Transition in Myanmar, Hart/Bloomsbury Publishing, pp. 3 - 20
Crouch M, 2014, 'The inter-religious harmony forum, the ombudsman, and the state: Resolving church permit disputes in Indonesia?', in Religious Diversity in Muslim-majority States in Southeast Asia: Areas of Toleration and Conflict, pp. 113 - 132
Crouch M, 2008, 'Indonesia’s National and Local Ombudsman Reforms: Salvaging a Failed Experiment?', in Indonesia: Law and Society, Federation Press, pp. 382 - 406
Crouch M, 2019, Legal Reform and Judicial Education: Report on Judicial Education in Commercial Law in Myanmar, Asian Development Bank, Yangon
Crouch M, 2018, The Future of Professional Legal Education in Commercial and Corporate Law in Myanmar., Asian Development Bank, Asian Development Bank
Crouch M, 2017, Professional Legal Education in Commercial and Corporate Law in Myanmar: An Assessment of the Legal Profession, the Attorney General’s Office and the Courts, Asian Development Bank, Yangon
Crouch M, 2017, Module on Principles and Processes of Constitution-making, International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, Yangon, Myanmar
Crouch M, 2016, Report on Constitutional Law in Myanmar: Curriculum Guidelines on Constitutional Design for MyConstitution Centre, International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, Yangon, Myanmar
Crouch M, 2015, Best Practise in Administrative Law: Options for Myanmar, United Nations Development Program, Yangon
Crouch M, 2014, Access to Justice and Administrative Law in Myanmar., USAID, Yangon
Crouch M; Missbach A, 2013, Trials of People Smugglers in Indonesia: 2007-2012, Centre for Indonesian Law, Islam & Society, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 1, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2264696
Crouch M, 2011, People of Burma in Melbourne: Perspectives of a Refugee Community
Crouch M, 2009, Indonesia, Militant Islam and Ahmadiyah: Origins and Implications, Asian Law Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, ARC Federation Fellowship, ‘Islam, Shariah and Governance’ Background Paper Series No. 4,, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1551645
Crouch M, 2017, Book Review: Buddhism, Politics and the Limits of Law: The Pyrrhic Constitutionalism of Sri Lanka, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Cambridge, http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/als.2017.15
Crouch M, 2016, Shi’ism in Southeast Asia, Oxford University Press (OUP), http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaarel/lfw069
Crouch M, 2016, The Constitutional Implications of Myanmar’s Peace Process, International Institute of Democracy and Electoral Assistance, http://www.constitutionnet.org/news/constitutional-implications-myanmars-peace-process
Crouch M, 2015, Opposing the Rule of Law: How Myanmar’s Courts Make Law and Order (review), INST SOUTHEAST ASIAN STUDIES-ISEAS, http://dx.doi.org/10.1355/cs37-2f
Crouch M, 2012, Williams v Commonwealth of Australia [2012] HCA 23
Crouch M, 2012, Book Review: No Concessions, The Life of Yap Thiam Hien, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2159592
Crouch M, 2011, Review: Christianity in Indonesia, Perspectives of Power
2020, Shortlisted for the inaugural Australian Legal Research Award's Book Award of the Council of Australian Law Deans, for the book The Constitution of Myanmar: A Contextual Analysis
2019, National Library of Australia, Asia Studies Visiting Fellowship, "Legal Legacies of Authoritarian Regimes"
2018, Kathleen Fitzpatrick Visiting Fellowship in Comparative Constitutional Law, Melbourne Law School, University of Melbourne
2017, University of Indonesia Resolv Visiting Scholars Fellowship, Faculty of Law
2012, International Institute of Asian Studies, Visiting Fellowship, the Netherlands
2011, Association of Transnational Law Schools (ATLAS) selected participant, Spain
2009, ANU Asia Pacific Week selected participant, Canberra
2009, Endeavour Australia Research Fellowship
2008-2011, Australian Research Council Federation Fellowship ‘Islam & Modernity in Southeast Asia' (FF0668730) Doctoral Scholarship and Travel Scholarships
2019-2020, Australia-ASEAN Council grant, ‘Fostering Women’s Empowerment through Digital Entrepreneurship’ with Felix Tan, Carmen Leong, Minako Sakai, Wing Wah Tham
2019, Konrad Adenauer Stiftung, workshop grant on Protecting Rights, Addressing Inequality: Constitutional Writs in Asia
2019, ASAA Workshop Grant for bursaries for students to attend the 'Women in Asia Conference' at UNSW
2019, Australian Academy of Humanities, grant to support the Early Career Workshop of the Women in Asia Conference at UNSW
2019, Konrad Adenauer Stiftung, workshop grant for the Women in the Legal Profession and Judiciary in Asia Panel Stream
2018-2021, ARC Discovery Grant, Chief Investigator, "Constitutional Change in Authoritarian Regimes: The Case of Myanmar"
2017-2019, UNSW IGD Myanmar Seed Funds, "Constitutional Reform and the Peace Process in Myanmar"
2016-2019, Asian Development Bank, Professional Legal Education in Corporate and Commercial Law in Myanmar
2016, New Colombo Plan funding for UNSW Myanmar Law Ambassadors Program (scholarships for law students).
2016-2017, ANU Indonesia Project Research Grants and UNSW Indonesia Seed Grant, with Dr Fritz Siregar, University of Indonesia, Jakarta. Project: ‘Administrative Justice in Indonesia’.
2016, Konrad Adenauer Stiftung (KAS), Australia-Myanmar Constitutional Democracy Project, Workshops with the Constitutional Tribunal of Myanmar, (with T Roux).
2015-2018, Korean International Cooperation Agency (KOICA) Australia-Myanmar Constitutional Democracy Project on Building Constitutionalism in Myanmar (with W Sadurski, T Roux, M Krygier and C Renshaw).
2015, Faculty Research Grant, Project: From Military Rule to Rule of Law in Myanmar; Early Career Grant; Faculty Workshop Support Scheme, UNSW Law: The Business of Transition in Myanmar
2014-2015, Harvard Law School's Institute for Global Law and Policy (IGLP) Research Grant, Project: ‘Authority and Islam: An Ethnography of Fatwa in Myanmar’
2013-2014, Research & Conference Grant, Project: ‘Law, Governance & Minorities in Myanmar’; and Myanmar Law Reform Project Fund (for workshops in Myanmar), Centre for Asian Legal Studies, National University of Singapore
2012–2013, Postdoctoral Research Support Funds, Law Faculty, National University of Singapore
2012, Myanmar Engagement Fund, University of Melbourne, with Professor Tim Lindsey
2010, Melbourne Abroad Travelling Scholarship; MA Bartlett Research Scholarship Fund Competitive Funding; and Research Support Funds, the University of Melbourne
law and society; law and politics in Southeast Asia, particularly Myanmar and Indonesia; comparative constitutional law; comparative administrative law; criminal law; law and religion in Southeast Asia, including Islam and Buddhism; law and development
Academic and Editorial Boards
Secretary, Asian Studies Association of Australia (ASAA)
Secretary, Association for Mainland Southeast Asia Scholars (AMSEAS)
Advisory Board, Australian Consortium for In-Country Indonesian Studies (ACICIS), Indonesian Law Practicum
Associate, Centre for Indonesian Law, Islam and Society, University of Melbourne
Editorial Board, Asian Journal of Comparative Law, National University of Singapore
Editorial Board, Southeast Asia Publication Series, NUS Press
Editorial Board, Women in Asia Publication Series, Routledge
Member, Law and Society Association; Asian Studies Association of Australia; Asian Law and Society Association; International Society of Constitutional Law; Australian Association of Islamic and Muslim Studies
Crouch M, 2020, Asian Law in Australian Universities: Research Centres as Critical Institutional Commitments, http://asaa.asn.au/asian-law-in-australian-universities-research-centres-as-critical-institutional-commitments/
Crouch M, 2020, Southeast Asian democracies in declining health amid covid-19, The Interpreter, https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/southeast-asian-democracies-declining-health-amid-covid-19
Crouch M, 2020, Why Myanmar's Elections are Neither Free, Fair or Safe, The Interpreter, https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/why-myanmar-s-elections-will-be-neither-free-fair-nor-safe
Crouch M, 2020, Under the cover of covid 19, Indonesia's most respected institution under attack, The Sydney Morning Herald
Crouch M, 2020, Anti-Democratic Constitutional Landmarks: Myanmar's Constitutional Tribunal and the Right to Vote, International Association of Constitutional Law, https://blog-iacl-aidc.org/constitutional-landmark-judgments-in-asia/2020/12/8/anti-democratic-constitutional-landmarks-myanmars-constitutional-tribunal-and-the-right-to-vote
Crouch M, 2020, Australia Indonesia Relations Need to Talk the Talk, The Lowy Institute, https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/australia-Indonesia-relations-need-to-talk-the-talk
Crouch M, 2020, Dumb and Dumber: Government, Universities Responsible for decline in Indo-Pacific Literacy, The Sydney Morning Herald, https://www.smh.com.au/national/dumb-and-dumber-language-cuts-risk-australia-s-regional-relationships-20201214-p56n7h.html
Crouch M, 2019, Illiberalism and Democratic Illusions in Myanmar: Constitutional Reform as Capital, New Mandala
Crouch M, 2019, Women in an Era of Anti-Elitism in Asia, Asian Currents, http://asaa.asn.au/women-in-an-era-anti-elitism-in-asia/, http://asaa.asn.au/women-in-an-era-anti-elitism-in-asia/
Crouch M, 2019, Time to Reverse Indonesian Language Disaster on our Shores, The Interpreter, http://www.lowyinterpreter.org/the-interpreter/time-reverse-indonesian-language-disaster-our-shores, http://www.lowyinterpreter.org/the-interpreter/time-reverse-indonesian-language-disaster-our-shores
Crouch M, 2019, Hope, Despair and the New Normal in Myanmar, The Interpreter, https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/hope-despair-and-new-normal-myanmar, https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/hope-despair-and-new-normal-myanmar
Crouch M, 2019, Don't Rely on Luck: Making the Most of the FTA with Indonesia, The Interpreter, https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/don-t-rely-luck-making-most-fta-indonesia, https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/don-t-rely-luck-making-most-fta-indonesia
Crouch M, 2019, Renewed Calls for Constitutional Change in Myanmar's Military-State, East Asia Forum, https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2019/03/13/renewed-calls-for-constitutional-change-in-myanmars-military-state/, https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2019/03/13/renewed-calls-for-constitutional-change-in-myanmars-military-state/
Crouch M, 2019, Death Penalty Paradox in Buddhist Myanmar, The Interpreter, https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/death-penalty-paradox-buddhist-myanmar, https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/death-penalty-paradox-buddhist-myanmar
Crouch M, 2019, Press Freedom in Myanmar, World Politics Review
Crouch M, 2018, Myanmar's Press Freedom Mirage, The Interpreter, https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/myanmar-press-freedom-mirage, https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/myanmar-press-freedom-mirage
Crouch M, 2018, Elections a Sham in Rakhine State, The Interpreter, https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/elections-sham-rakhine-state, https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/elections-sham-rakhine-state
Crouch M, 2018, Blasphemy in Indonesia, Indonesia at Melbourne, https://indonesiaatmelbourne.unimelb.edu.au/talking-indonesia-blasphemy/, https://indonesiaatmelbourne.unimelb.edu.au/talking-indonesia-blasphemy/
Crouch M, 2018, Democracy and Peace Frustrated in Myanmar: Remembering U Ko Ni, The Interpreter, https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/democracy-and-peace-frustrated-myanmar-remembering-u-ko-ni, https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/democracy-and-peace-frustrated-myanmar-remembering-u-ko-ni
Crouch M, 2017, Myanmar's Rohingya, The Big Idea, https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/bigideas/myanmars-rohingya/9251866, https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/bigideas/myanmars-rohingya/9251866
Crouch M, 2017, Crisis in Myanmar: Its Origins and our Response, Lowy Institute, http://www.law.unsw.edu.au/news/2017/12/crisis-myanmar-%E2%80%93-its-origins-and-our-response, http://www.law.unsw.edu.au/news/2017/12/crisis-myanmar-%E2%80%93-its-origins-and-our-response
Crouch M, 2017, Muslims, NGOs, and the Future of Democratic Space in Myanmar, The Religious Studies Project, http://www.religiousstudiesproject.com/podcast/muslims-ngos-and-the-future-of-democratic-space-in-myanmar/?utm_source=Religious+Studies+Project&utm_campaign=25d05603b3-Weekly_Digest&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_809ff0fba4-25d05603b3-147031481, http://www.religiousstudiesproject.com/podcast/muslims-ngos-and-the-future-of-democratic-space-in-myanmar/?utm_source=Religious+Studies+Project&utm_campaign=25d05603b3-Weekly_Digest&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_809ff0fba4-25d05603b3-147031481
Crouch M, 2017, The Twisted Politics of Terrorism in Myanmar, The Interpreter, https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/threat-terrorism-too-convenient-myanma, https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/threat-terrorism-too-convenient-myanma
Crouch M, 2017, Myanmar Musings, ANU Myanmar Research Centre, https://soundcloud.com/myanmar-musings/islam-and-the-state, https://soundcloud.com/myanmar-musings/islam-and-the-state
Crouch M, 2017, Ahok, Indonesia's Nemo, Sentenced to Jail, Policy Forum, https://www.policyforum.net/ahok-indonesias-nemo-sentenced-jail/, https://www.policyforum.net/ahok-indonesias-nemo-sentenced-jail/
Crouch M, 2017, Myanmar's Legal Voice of Conscience: A Personal Tribute to U Ko Ni, New Mandala, https://www.newmandala.org/personal-tribute-u-ko-ni/, https://www.newmandala.org/personal-tribute-u-ko-ni/
Crouch M, 2016, Islamist Rule by Law in Indonesia, Policy Forum, https://www.policyforum.net/islamist-rule-law-indonesia/, https://www.policyforum.net/islamist-rule-law-indonesia/
Crouch M, 2016, What do the Blasphemy Charges against Ahok Mean?, Indonesia at Melbourne, https://indonesiaatmelbourne.unimelb.edu.au/qa-melissa-crouch-on-the-blasphemy-law/, https://indonesiaatmelbourne.unimelb.edu.au/qa-melissa-crouch-on-the-blasphemy-law/
Crouch M, 2016, Blasphemy Charges against Ahok a Triumph for Islamists in Indonesia, East Asia Forum, https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2016/11/17/blasphemy-charges-against-ahok-a-triumph-for-islamists-in-indonesia/, https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2016/11/17/blasphemy-charges-against-ahok-a-triumph-for-islamists-in-indonesia/
Crouch M, 2016, Reigning in Emergency Powers in Myanmar, East Asia Forum, https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2016/11/03/reining-in-emergency-powers-in-myanmar/, https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2016/11/03/reining-in-emergency-powers-in-myanmar/
Crouch M, 2016, Jokowi's Islamist Challenge: Curbing Terrorism and Religious Intolerance, The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/aug/31/jokowis-islamist-challenge-curbing-terrorism-and-religious-intolerance, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/aug/31/jokowis-islamist-challenge-curbing-terrorism-and-religious-intolerance
Crouch M, 2016, The Constitutional Implications of Myanmar's Peace Process, ConstitutionNet, https://newsroom.unsw.edu.au/news/business-law/constitutional-implications-myanmar’s-peace-process, https://newsroom.unsw.edu.au/news/business-law/constitutional-implications-myanmar%E2%80%99s-peace-process
Crouch M, 2016, Dawn of a Democratic Era or Dialogue with Dictators: The New Leaders of Myanmar, ConstitutionNet, http://constitutionnet.org/news/dawn-democratic-era-or-dialogue-dictators-challenges-ahead-myanmars-new-leaders, http://constitutionnet.org/news/dawn-democratic-era-or-dialogue-dictators-challenges-ahead-myanmars-new-leaders
Crouch M, 2016, Indonesia: Persecution Disguised as Fighting Terrorism, The Sydney Morning Herald, https://www.smh.com.au/opinion/persecution-disguised-as-fighting-terrorism-20160128-gmfx84.html, https://www.smh.com.au/opinion/persecution-disguised-as-fighting-terrorism-20160128-gmfx84.html
Crouch M, 2015, Persecution of Muslims in Myanmar is Misunderstood by the West, Sydney Morning Herald, https://www.smh.com.au/opinion/persecution-of-muslims-in-myanmar-is-misunderstood-by-west-20151202-gld2g0.html, https://www.smh.com.au/opinion/persecution-of-muslims-in-myanmar-is-misunderstood-by-west-20151202-gld2g0.html
Crouch M, 2015, Law and Conflict in Myanmar, New Mandala, https://www.newmandala.org/law-and-conflict-in-myanmar/, https://www.newmandala.org/law-and-conflict-in-myanmar/
Crouch M, 2015, Why Constitutional Review is Needed, The Myanmar Times, https://www.mmtimes.com/opinion/15499-why-constitutional-review-is-needed.html, https://www.mmtimes.com/opinion/15499-why-constitutional-review-is-needed.html
Crouch M, 2015, Myanmar Elections Lack Legitimacy without Constitutional Change, East Asia Forum, https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2015/05/26/myanmar-elections-lack-legitimacy-without-constitutional-change/, https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2015/05/26/myanmar-elections-lack-legitimacy-without-constitutional-change/
Crouch M, 2014, Road to Constitutional Amendment in Myanmar Going Nowhere, East Asia Forum Quarterly, https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2014/03/27/road-to-constitutional-amendment-in-myanmar-going-nowhere/, https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2014/03/27/road-to-constitutional-amendment-in-myanmar-going-nowhere/
Crouch M, 2014, Remembering the work of Professor Andrew Huxley, New Mandala, https://www.newmandala.org/remembering-the-work-of-the-late-professor-andrew-huxley/, https://www.newmandala.org/remembering-the-work-of-the-late-professor-andrew-huxley/
Crouch M, 2014, Reality Check Needed on Islam, Buddhism in Myanmar, New Mandala, https://www.newmandala.org/reality-check-needed-on-islam-buddhism-in-myanmar/, https://www.newmandala.org/reality-check-needed-on-islam-buddhism-in-myanmar/
Crouch M, 2014, Writs but no Weapons? A Stocktake on Administrative Justice in Myanmar, Blog of the International Journal of Constitutional Law, http://www.iconnectblog.com/2014/11/writs-but-no-weapons-a-stocktake-on-administrative-justice-in-myanmar/, http://www.iconnectblog.com/2014/11/writs-but-no-weapons-a-stocktake-on-administrative-justice-in-myanmar/
Crouch M, 2014, Myanmar's Muslim Mosaic and the Politics of Belonging, New Mandala, https://www.newmandala.org/myanmars-muslim-mosaic-and-the-politics-of-belonging/, https://www.newmandala.org/myanmars-muslim-mosaic-and-the-politics-of-belonging/
Crouch M, 2013, Myanmar's Constitutional Transition is the Military's Call, The Conversation, https://theconversation.com/myanmars-constitutional-transition-is-the-militarys-call-19361, https://theconversation.com/myanmars-constitutional-transition-is-the-militarys-call-19361
Crouch M, 2013, Indonesian Constitutional Court rejects Blasphemy Law Case, Blog of the International Journal of Constitutional Law, http://www.iconnectblog.com/2013/10/indonesian-constitutional-court-rejects-blasphemy-law-case/, http://www.iconnectblog.com/2013/10/indonesian-constitutional-court-rejects-blasphemy-law-case/
Crouch M, 2013, Teaching Myanmar's Next Generation of Lawyers, East Asia Forum, https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2013/09/18/teaching-myanmars-next-generation-of-lawyers/, https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2013/09/18/teaching-myanmars-next-generation-of-lawyers/
Crouch M, 2013, Constitutional Amendment Key to 2015 Elections, New Mandala, https://www.newmandala.org/constitutional-amendment-key-to-2015-myanmar-elections/, https://www.newmandala.org/constitutional-amendment-key-to-2015-myanmar-elections/
Crouch M, 2013, Indonesian Constitutional Court reconsiders Blasphemy Law, Blog of the International Journal of Constitutional Law, http://www.iconnectblog.com/2013/07/indonesian-constitutional-court-reconsiders-blasphemy-law/, http://www.iconnectblog.com/2013/07/indonesian-constitutional-court-reconsiders-blasphemy-law/
Crouch M, 2013, Constitutional Writs as "Weapons" in Myanmar?, Blog of the International Journal of Constitutional Law, http://www.iconnectblog.com/2013/07/constitutional-writs-as-weapons-in-myanmar/, http://www.iconnectblog.com/2013/07/constitutional-writs-as-weapons-in-myanmar/
Crouch M, 2013, Myanmar: Civil-Military Relations and Constitutional Reform, East Asia Forum, http://www.iconnectblog.com/2013/07/constitutional-writs-as-weapons-in-myanmar/, http://www.iconnectblog.com/2013/07/constitutional-writs-as-weapons-in-myanmar/
Crouch M, 2013, The Challenge of Regulating Religious Freedom in Indonesia, Right Now, http://rightnow.org.au/opinion-3/the-challenge-of-regulating-religious-freedom-in-indonesia/, http://rightnow.org.au/opinion-3/the-challenge-of-regulating-religious-freedom-in-indonesia/
Crouch M, 2012, Australia-Indonesia Commitment a Must on People-Smuggling, Crikey, https://www.crikey.com.au/2012/09/10/australia-indonesia-commitment-a-must-on-people-smuggling/, https://www.crikey.com.au/2012/09/10/australia-indonesia-commitment-a-must-on-people-smuggling/
Crouch M, 2012, Religious Intolerance and Law Reform in Indonesia, East Asia Forum, https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2012/06/20/religious-intolerance-and-law-reform-challenges-in-indonesia-2/, https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2012/06/20/religious-intolerance-and-law-reform-challenges-in-indonesia-2/
Crouch M, 2012, Indonesia's Draft Law Exacerbates Religious and Ethnic Tensions, Asia Pacific Memo, https://apm.iar.ubc.ca/indonesia-draft-law-exacerbates-religious-and-ethnic-tensions/, https://apm.iar.ubc.ca/indonesia-draft-law-exacerbates-religious-and-ethnic-tensions/
Crouch M, 2012, Indonesia's Blasphemy Law: Bleak Outlook for Minority Religions, Asia Pacific Bulletin, https://www.eastwestcenter.org/sites/default/files/private/apb146_0.pdf, https://www.eastwestcenter.org/sites/default/files/private/apb146_0.pdf
Crouch M, 2012, Law Reform and Human Rights in Indonesia and Myanmar, International Institute of Asian Studies Newsletter, https://www.iias.asia/the-newsletter/article/law-reform-human-rights-indonesia-myanmar, https://www.iias.asia/the-newsletter/article/law-reform-human-rights-indonesia-myanmar
Crouch M, 2012, The Indonesian Blasphemy Case: Affirming the Legality of the Blasphemy Law, Oxford Journal of Law and Religion, https://academic.oup.com/ojlr/article-abstract/1/2/514/1474085?redirectedFrom=fulltext, https://academic.oup.com/ojlr/article-abstract/1/2/514/1474085?redirectedFrom=fulltext
Crouch M, 2011, Religious 'Deviancy' and the Law, Inside Indonesia, https://www.insideindonesia.org/religious-deviancy-and-law, https://www.insideindonesia.org/religious-deviancy-and-law
Crouch M, 2010, God and Democracy, Inside Indonesia, https://www.insideindonesia.org/god-and-democracy, https://www.insideindonesia.org/god-and-democracy
Crouch M, 2008, Burma's Millstone Milestone, The Herald Sun, https://www.pressreader.com/australia/herald-sun/20081020/281938833742039, https://www.pressreader.com/australia/herald-sun/20081020/281938833742039
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Teaching Activity
My teaching interests include Constitutional Law; Comparative Law; Constitution-making; Law and Development; Administrative Law; Asian Legal Systems; Law and Religion; and Law and Society. I have taught a range of workshops overseas, including on Judicial Independence; Principles and Processes of Constitution-making; The Role of Courts in Democratisation; Constitutional Courts in Federal Systems; Federalism and Minority Rights; Emergency Powers. At UNSW, I have taught Principles of Public Law (LAWS1141). I also teach the following electives: The Rule of Law in Southeast Asia (LAWS3167; JURD7567); Islamic Law and Society (LAWS3165; JURD7865) and Indonesian Law (LAWS3139). At UNSW, I have taught Principles of Public Law (LAWS1141). I also teach the following electives: The Rule of Law in Southeast Asia (LAWS3167; JURD7567); Islamic Law and Society (LAWS3165; JURD7865) and Indonesian Law (LAWS3139)